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Tripura Floods 2024: How Climate Change and Poor Planning Led to a Catastrophe
The devastating floods in Tripura have laid bare the state’s vulnerability to extreme weather events, with experts attributing this latest disaster to a combination of human-induced climate change and inadequate planning. The floods, which have claimed 32 lives and displaced over 1,49,000 people, are being described as the worst the state has experienced since 1956, resulting in an estimated loss of ₹15,000 crore.
What Triggered the Floods?
A record-breaking 288.8 mm of rainfall was recorded in a single day on August 20, triggering the collapse of already fragile river systems and causing widespread destruction. The districts of South Tripura, Khowai, West Tripura, and Gomati were hit hardest, with South Tripura bearing the brunt of the catastrophe. The intense rainfall led to rivers like Howrah/Haora, Dhalai, Muhuri, Manu, and Khowai breaching their banks. The Manu river in Kailashahar, for instance, surged past the critical level of 23.05 meters, causing alarm among local communities and the administration. This was not an isolated incident; numerous rivers across the state overflowed simultaneously, resulting in floods in dozens of villages, cutting off access to entire communities and triggering landslides in several areas.
Understanding the Scale of the Impact
The most severely affected areas include Bagafa and Belonia in South Tripura, and Amarpur in the Gomati district. Bagafa recorded an astounding 375.8 mm of rainfall, while Belonia received 324.4 mm, and Amarpur 307.1 mm, inundating low-lying regions and destroying homes and agricultural land. Landslides triggered by the relentless rainfall have already claimed seven lives, and the state’s administration is still searching for two individuals who remain missing. The disaster, which began unfolding on August 18, has escalated into a full-fledged humanitarian crisis. Over 38,000 families have been displaced and are now sheltered in 821 relief camps scattered across the state. The relentless downpour and subsequent flooding have not only resulted in loss of life and property but have also dealt a heavy blow to the livelihoods of thousands of families who are now struggling to recover from the devastation.
The Role of Climate Change and Human Activities
Rising global temperatures have altered monsoon patterns, resulting in more unpredictable and intense rainfall. This, combined with heavy rainfall in a short period, led to the severe flooding experienced this year. But climate change isn’t the only reason for the disaster. Human activities like deforestation, building in flood-prone areas, and poor planning have also played a major role. Rivers that used to have space to spread out during heavy rains are now more narrow due to construction. Wetlands that used to absorb excess water have been lost due to encroachment, leaving communities more exposed to flooding.
Moreover, there’s a lack of proper flood management in Tripura. The state doesn’t have enough drainage systems or embankments along its major rivers. Without these, it’s much harder to control flooding. Delays in flood prevention projects and a lack of preparedness have made the situation even worse. The floods in Tripura show how climate change and human impact can combine to create a disaster. It’s crucial that the state adopts better planning and climate resilience measures to protect its people from future floods.
Moving Forward: The Need for Climate Resilience
The catastrophic floods in Tripura are a wake-up call for the state’s administration and policymakers. Building climate resilience must become a priority to safeguard communities from future disasters. This includes restoring degraded wetlands, creating comprehensive flood management plans, and implementing sustainable infrastructure projects that consider the region’s unique topography and hydrology. Additionally, early warning systems, improved disaster preparedness, and community engagement are crucial in reducing the impact of such extreme weather events. The floods in Tripura are not just a natural disaster; they are a consequence of human actions that have disrupted the delicate balance of nature. As the state grapples with the aftermath, it is imperative to recognize the urgent need for sustainable development practices that can mitigate the impact of climate change and protect the lives and livelihoods of millions.
Conclusion
The recent floods in Tripura highlight the urgent need for a multi-pronged approach to disaster management that addresses both climate change and human impact. It’s essential for the state to invest in sustainable infrastructure, restore natural buffers like wetlands, and implement comprehensive flood management plans. By taking proactive steps now, Tripura can build resilience and better protect its communities from future climate-related disasters.
Sources
Rediscovering Hauz-i-Shamsi: A Journey Through Time and Preservation
My first encounter with Hauz-i-Shamsi was during a heritage walk through Delhi in 2011, a journey meant to uncover the layers of history embedded in Mehrauli. Each monument we visited had a tale etched into its stones, a story that whispered through time. Hauz-i-Shamsi, at first glance, seemed like a typical urban waterbody, unremarkable save for a small pavilion at its edge. Yet, as our guide began to unravel its past, I realised how deceptive appearances can be.
The story goes back to the reign of Shamsuddin Iltutmish, a ruler of Delhi. It’s said that he dreamt of the Prophet, who, mounted on a horse, struck the ground with its hoof and commanded the king to build a reservoir on that very spot. The next day, Iltutmish and his advisors visited the site, and to their amazement, they found the imprint of the horse's hoof exactly where it had appeared in the dream. A tank was soon excavated, and the pavilion that still stands today marks the sacred site of this miraculous event. The reservoir, now a serene yet neglected waterbody, was once a hub of religious significance, where the local community gathered for celebrations and rituals.
My next encounter with Hauz-i-Shamsi was far removed from the mystique of ancient legends. It was in the structured setting of a meeting room at SEEDS where the agenda was the rejuvenation of this historic reservoir. Here, the discussions were more technical, focusing not just on the reservoir's historical and religious importance but on the sophisticated water carriage system that once fed it. This system, an engineering marvel of its time, transported water from distant sources to ensure the reservoir’s levels and purity. Unfortunately, as modern Delhi grew and the demand for housing increased, this ingenious system was disrupted. Buildings sprang up, suffocating the reservoir and leaving behind a stagnant pool—a shadow of its former self.
This decline is a familiar story for many of Delhi's urban waterbodies. These reservoirs, once central to life in the city, have been sidelined as piped water became the norm. As we lost our connection to these water sources, we also lost the community spirit that had once maintained them. Encroachments and a lack of awareness about their environmental value have turned these lifelines into afterthoughts, threatening their very existence.
At SEEDS, there’s a deep understanding of the critical role waterbodies like Hauz-i-Shamsi play in urban ecosystems. They regulate the microclimate, recharge groundwater, act as rainwater sinks, and support biodiversity. Ignoring them has had catastrophic consequences, as seen in the flooding that has plagued several Indian cities. Yet, there’s hope.
With support from generous donors, SEEDS is spearheading efforts to restore Hauz-i-Shamsi using nature-based solutions—approaches that work with, rather than against, natural processes. This initiative also aims to revive the park surrounding the reservoir, transforming it into a space where residents can reconnect with this historical and environmental treasure.
Walking through the algae-choked reservoir during the early stages of the project in 2023 was undoubtedly disheartening. The challenges of navigating bureaucratic clearances seemed daunting at first, but as the permissions were secured and the local community began to engage with the restoration efforts, obstacles began to melt away. There was a collective sense that this reservoir, with its rich past, could once again become a focal point for the community.
"Restoring Hauz-i-Shamsi is more than just an act of preservation; it’s a step towards rekindling our relationship with the environment. By breathing new life into this ancient waterbody, SEEDS hopes to inspire a broader movement towards environmental stewardship, especially as we face the challenges of a rapidly warming planet. Delhi's monuments are more than just relics of the past—they are lessons in innovation, resilience, and the harmonious coexistence of human and natural systems. It’s up to us to ensure these lessons are not lost to the relentless march of urbanisation."
Director, Built Environment
Restoration of school facilities, Wayanad
The night of July 30, 2024, will forever be etched in the memory of Wayanad’s residents. A massive landslide ravaged the beautiful green landscapes of Chooralmala and Mundakkai villages of Meppadi gram panchayat, reducing homes, schools, roads, and plantations to a wasteland of mud and rocks. Hundreds of people lost their lives, and many more were left homeless, as the serene hill district turned into a scene of devastation in a matter of hours. In the immediate aftermath, the government of Kerala acted swiftly, relocating survivors to relief camps and hospitals. Rehabilitation plans were set in motion immediately.
Among the many challenges, ensuring that children's education in the affected areas continued without long interruption was a key priority. Two schools—Government High School Vellarmala (GVHS) and Government Lower Primary School (GLPS) Mundakkai—were severely damaged in the landslide. To avoid a prolonged disruption in the children's education, the authorities relocated the students to Government High School (GHS), Meppadi.
Converting Spaces for Education
To solve the space issue, the local administration decided to repurpose the Panchayat community hall into temporary classrooms for GLPS Mundakkai, while additional teaching spaces were to be created at GHS Meppadi for the GVHS Vellarmala students. SEEDS was tasked with this responsibility of accommodating the additional students in an already functioning school.
The road ahead was anything but smooth. Both from a renovation and a perception point of view. After all people now associated the community hall and the school’s classrooms as temporary mortuaries. These spaces, therefore, needed to be cleaned, repainted and prepared for classes. The work was assigned to our technical team at SEEDS by the Chief of Programs, who was overseeing the relief efforts on the ground.
On August 18, 2024 our team arrived in Kalpetta town after a three-hour drive from Calicut. When we visited GHS Meppadi the next day, the school was still functioning as a relief camp, with the classrooms filled with survivors. A teacher, Mr. Shahnawaz, guided us through the school and underscored the urgency of the situation.
The enormity of the task soon became clear. With the District Collector setting a firm deadline to start classes on September 2, 2024 we had less than two weeks to complete the work. The pressure was immense, but the support from local authorities, especially the Panchayat President who supported the work in every possible way, kept us going.
Witnessing the Destruction
During our time in Wayanad, we visited the landslide-affected areas. The sight was both tragic and humbling. Damaged houses stood eerily empty, with staircases leading to nowhere, silent witnesses to a once-thriving community. We also visited the remnants of the two schools that had been destroyed, their mud-covered walls bearing the scars of the disaster. Seeing this devastation firsthand helped us better understand the trauma these children had endured. It fuelled our resolve to create a positive and welcoming environment for them at GHS Meppadi.
Racing Against Time
By the time we had secured contractors and workers for the task, we had just one week to complete the work. In addition to repainting the classrooms and installing partitions to create teaching spaces, we received several urgent requests: repair the kitchen, develop a handwash areas, and supporting the teachers with art materials to brighten up the classrooms for the children.
Despite the overwhelming workload and tight deadline, we couldn’t ignore these requests. We knew they were vital for creating an environment where the children could feel safe and start healing from the trauma they had experienced.
The work was completed on September 1, 2024 a day before the children were scheduled to arrive. This achievement was made possible only through the tireless efforts of the workers, who worked late into the night to ensure the school was ready on time. Their determination to provide children with a good environment after such a tragedy was truly inspiring.
A Milestone in Recovery
Our efforts didn’t go unnoticed. The state's Education Minister praised SEEDS for its contribution to the recovery process, presenting us with a memento of appreciation. The Panchayat President, too, expressed his gratitude and promised continued support for future upgrades to the school.
While this is only the first step in a long journey of recovery, completing this milestone has instilled confidence in both us and the local administration. There is still much to be done, but together, we are moving forward—one step at a time.
The story of Wayanad’s recovery is one of resilience, hope, and the unwavering spirit of a community determined to rebuild what was lost. And at the heart of it all is the belief that, with the right support, even the most broken places can be restored, and life can begin anew.
When being prepared helps plan better at a local scale
Did you know that your rooftop could potentially tell you a story? What if it could tell you about your house type, its robustness, and its vulnerability to extreme weather and hazards? Our Microsoft AI for Resilient Cities Project does exactly this. With our cutting-edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, we can assess houses’ vulnerability scores based solely on the roof type from high-resolution satellite imagery.
As India experiences the 2024 ‘emergency season’, this AI model comes in handy for communities and governments to derive information ahead of challenging incidents such as heatwaves, floods, cyclones, and earthquakes. At SEEDS, over the past three years, AI-led and community-centric interventions through ‘Beat the Heat’ and ‘Under the Umbrella’ campaigns have been initiated through the various iterations of this model. Using results from our AI models, our ground teams have extensively disseminated localised and hazard-specific advisories and warnings to vulnerable communities.
This model has been applied for floods, heat waves, and earthquakes, in some of the most marginalised regions of cities such as Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Puri, Gaya, Gangtok, and Dehradun, and is now being deployed on ground for implementation and verification. Previously tested on Cyclones Yaas and Tauktae (2021), the model was also implemented through our ‘Beat the Heat’ campaigns in 2021 and 2022. In areas such as Mayur Vihar and Yamuna Khadar in the National Capital Region, our team organised #beattheheat quizzes, issued advisories to 25000+ families, and four houses were selected to implement interventions on the basis of the AI model’s scoring.
Model piloted in cities falling under Core Heatwave Zones (CHZs) such as East Delhi, Nagpur
Most of this work has been evolving since 2020 when SEEDS, in collaboration with Microsoft, developed ‘Sunny Lives’, a game-changer AI model that prepared communities in advance of impending – potentially disastrous events.
Over the past years, this model has been instrumental in enabling the most marginalised populations, vulnerable to multiple hazards, for instance in Delhi, where heat waves, floods, and earthquakes can affect these houses severely. Our model identifies and analyses the risks faced by these houses and populations, mobilises stakeholders, issues advisories, and brings forward solution-based interventions that not only mitigate their risks but also offer relief to the vulnerable populations.
Hereon begins the most exciting phase of the project, with the model now being continually improvised, and the results being utilised to understand and deploy the interventions to the most marginalised houses and populations. In these alarming times of the manifestations of climate change beginning to affect even the safest of groups, the Sunny Lives model brings a welcome and assuring initiative to not only reduce the impact on underserved communities, but also to use ‘AI 4 good’.
The SEEDS team for Microsoft AI four Resilient Cities
The SEEDS team on ground with localised advisories
When the flood waters recede, there is so much to be done!
SEEDS has been working in Assam for more than a decade now. Through my regular travels, there are some changes that I have been seeing on the ground that make me wonder how to tackle the challenging complexities of this geographically vulnerable area that is now seeing more frequently recurring flooding.
One clear change that I see, is that highways get inundated after the rains subside, making travel and daily life exceedingly difficult. The Barak Pass, which usually was not badly affected due to flooding is now annually submerged, and this has been continuous for the past five-six years.
The sensitive district of Karimganj, a town approximately 76 km from Silchar Airport, has been grappling with severe flooding that has left an adverse impact on its residents and infrastructure. Bordering Bangladesh, the recent inundation in Karimganj, in the months of June and July lasted for days, causing significant disruption, particularly in low-lying areas where flood water will take close to 20-25 days to recede. Apart from Karimganj, the other severely affected districts are Nagaon and Dhubri.
On my recent trip in early July this year, when we drove directly to Karimganj what we witnessed was that access to villages was cut. With highway roads being built higher, the homes of people living in low-lying areas were completely submerged. People were using bamboo rafts and boats to access what remained of their homes and fields and returning to the relief camps. They put thermocol boxes in the middle of their rafts and boats to transport goods or fish and poultry.
A total of 16 districts and 49 revenue circles have been affected by the 2024 Assam floods that include Biswanath, Cachar, Dhemaji, Dhubri, Dibrugarh, Goalpara, Golaghat, Hailakandi, Kamrup, Kamprup Metro, Karimganj, Majuli, Morigaon, Nagoan, Nalbari and Sivsagar.
As part of the SEEDS India flood response team, it took us close to three hours from Silchar to reach the most affected area of Suprakandi Gram Panchayat in the Karimganj district of the State. This gram panchayat was critically affected and 100 percent of the population was affected. This area has very few civil society organisations on ground. With panchayat elections yet to be held, this area needs all the support it can get. SEEDS is on the ground working to identify those most vulnerable.
While information indicated that 75 percent of flood water levels had receded, on the ground in low-lying areas water remained knee-to-chest level high. In these places, it will take around 20-25 days for flood waters to recede from homes and agricultural fields.
In some places, villagers were saying, that because of the recently built national highways being raised so much and there being no sluice gate once the flood waters come there is no way for it to drain out. We also heard from community that the Barak Valley never had so much water, but in the last five to seven years, it has increased. While in 2022, it rained much more than this year, all the locations are the same as they were earlier with at least one to two feet more of water.
Livelihoods, shelter, and property damage assessments are crucial in understanding and addressing the community's immediate and long-term needs. The on-ground assessment identified chlorination of hand pumps and dug wells, hygiene kits, child-friendly spaces including the hygiene needs of adolescent girls and women. Safe delivery spaces for pregnant women and psycho-social support for affected community members were also highlighted.
Communities are also desperately searching for clean drinking water, rations (rice and dal), milk and infant food for children, medicines, shelter, non-food items and hygiene kits. With rainfall and humid situations continuing, the high prevalence of vector-born diseases also necessitates the need for mosquito nets. Torches or lanterns, precautions to prevent snake bites, as well as fuel for cooking are a priority for communities here.
Livelihoods too have been severely affected. Agricultural areas that are flooded have no mechanism to drain out the water. It will take up to the next summer for the flood waters to evaporate and only then the land can be ready for cultivation. Those with livestock are looking for fodder too.
Schools, unfortunately, have not been spared too. The floodwaters have severely affected educational facilities, disrupting learning and further complicating the community's recovery efforts. Amidst these challenges, teachers have bravely continued their work, by focusing on compiling reports detailing the economic impact of the floods.
Despite these hardships, the resilience and solidarity of the people of Karimganj shine through. Community members have come together to support one another, demonstrating remarkable strength in the face of adversity. However, the road to recovery remains long and arduous, requiring sustained efforts from both government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to provide timely relief and rehabilitation. Alongside, given the nature of these recurring disasters preparing communities to anticipate will be important.
As Karimganj navigates through these challenging times, raising awareness and garnering support for their plight becomes crucial. Initiatives focusing on flood mitigation, infrastructure improvement, and enhanced disaster preparedness are essential to safeguarding the community's future against recurring disasters.
For the moment efforts and attention are focused on the relief work in Karimganj. As we did in Cachar last year, building preparedness during the rehabilitation phase of our work will be critical.
Why we must never forget the Gujarat earthquake
The year 2024 began with the tragic news of the Noto Peninsula earthquake in Japan. Even for a country as prepared as Japan, the incident brought to fore how communities experience suffering and desolation following such a disaster. It also immediately brings back painful memories of the Gujarat earthquake on India’s 52nd Republic Day, January 26, 2001.
Why is it important to look back at learnings from 2001? Today with raising interconnectedness of poverty, climate vulnerability and hazard events, the challenge is how we ensure communities retain the agency to chart their recovery journey and be able to take proactive action for future events. There is an urgency to build resilient and sustainable communities across boundaries towards disaster and environmental stewardship.
For the Global South, recovery post the 2001 Kutch earthquake in Gujarat has served as an important case study. The recovery programme is great example of a ‘whole-of-society’ approach where the State leveraged partnerships with institutions, multilateral agencies, and civil society organisations to super-charge community led recovery.
SEEDS was closely associated with the housing sector, where a house-owner led recovery programme brought speed, cultural acceptability and efficiency in the use of resources. The State, CSOs, technical certifying agencies and donors aligned themselves to agreed protocols and standards that led to coordinated response. Not surprisingly, the success of this approach to housing recovery has been adopted in many other States in India.
My five year engagement with the recovery process that started 3 days after the earthquake has been transformative in the way it has shaped my thinking and that of SEEDS in the last twenty-plus years. In situations where we are having to simultaneously having deal with scale, diversity, sensitivity of time and not at the least the trauma of suffering, the role of partnerships among multiple institutions becomes crucial.
It comes down to basic common denominators that allow open value creation among partners and define interaction protocols. In one of our many partnerships, giving affected communities the agency to make choices and final decisions was an agreed objective that defined the nature of relationships among the aid providers. In another intervention, putting a cap on the quantum of assistance that can go to households with similar damage profiles prevented ‘oases of prosperity’ getting created.
Often, just as disasters are forgotten, so are these partnerships. SEEDS has, however, stayed with them. In fact, over the years we have nurtured and redefined some of these partnerships in response to changing challenges. These partnerships have taken a life of their own becoming strong influential networks that have brought about policy shifts while unceasingly learning from new experiences.
In Japan, India and in many other parts of Asia – devastating catastrophes such as the Noto and the Kutch Earthquake in the same month 23 years apart are sad reminders of the work that needs to be done pro-actively in areas prone to disasters. We need to go beyond just structural interventions, to investing in lasting partnerships and networks that potentially have far greater capabilities in alleviating suffering when nature isn’t kind.